A Christmas Carol Vocabulary Study List

A Christmas Carol Vocabulary Study List In his popular story, A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens uses the musical term stave to indicate the chapters. Dickens was known, on occasion, to use clever terms to describe the sections of his books. For example, in The Cricket on the Hearth, he calls the chapters chirps. To modern readers, stave might not be the only unfamiliar term in A Christmas Carol. You can refer to the following list of terms, separated by chapter, to help understand the text and grow your vocabulary. Some of the words may be familiar, but others are no longer in common usage. Stave One: Marleys Ghost Dickens begins his novella by introducing the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge, his poor clerk Bob Cratchit, and the ghost of Scrooges late partner, Jacob Marley. The ghost tells Scrooge he will be visited by three spirits during the night. Ironmongery - a store that sells iron works  Unhallowed - something unholyResiduary - the person entitled to the remainder of an estateRamparts - anything that acts as a barricade  barricade  Entreaty - a sincere requestTrifle - something of little valuePhantoms - spirits or illusionsIntimation - a suggestionMorose - a bleak outlook  or attitude  Impropriety - something improper or inappropriate  Resolute - a determined outlook  Homage - to pay public respect or honor somethingOminous - to give an impression of doom or imply bad things will happenFacetious - to treat something serious with a deliberate lack of careBrazier - a portable heater that uses lighted coalsSolitude - to be aloneMisanthropic - disliking people in general and having an anti-social bad attitudeGarret - a room just under the roof of a house thats usually very small  Congenial - a pleasant or friendly personalityPhenomenon - a fact or situation which is unexplainedIrresolution - to be uncertainTran sparent - something that is see-through or fully explained Caustic - bitter sarcasm  Waggish - playful or mischievous humorSpectre - ghost or vision  Remorse - to deeply regret somethingBenevolence - well-meaning and kindApparition - a ghost or other human-like spirit  Dirge - a funeral song Stave Two: The First of the Three Spirits The first spirit to visit Scrooge is the Ghost of Christmas Past, who shows him scenes from his lonely childhood and a broken engagement to a lovely young woman because of his greed. Opaque - something that is unclearPreposterous - absurd or ridiculousPerplexed - confused  Endeavored - tried hard to achieve  Recumbent - something laying downFluctuated - to irregularly rise and fallSupplication - earnest beggingVestige - a small trace of something that is no longer hereExtraordinary - something unusualCondescension - an attitude of disdainful superiorityCelestial - part of the heavensTerrestrial - relating to the EarthAgitation - nervous excitement  Avarice - extreme greedTumultuous - a confused excitement  Uproarious - provoking a loud sound or laughterBrigands - a member of a gang of thieves  Boisterous - a noisy or energetic crowd or a loud stormOnslaught - a fierce attackDespoil - to steal violentlyIrrepressible - uncontrollableHaggard - looking exhaustedIrresistible - unable to resist Stave Three: The Second of the Three Spirits Ghost of Christmas Present visits Scrooge and shows him the happy holiday scenes in his town, including in the home of his clerk, Bob Cratchit. Despite being poor and having a crippled son (Tiny Tim), Cratchit and his family rejoice in the holiday spirit. Apprehensive - hesitant or fearfulSpontaneous - performed on impulseCombustion - burningConsolation - comfort after a disappointmentPredicament - a difficult situationCapacious - roomy  Artifice - a clever device to trick someoneScabbard - a sheath for a weaponJovial - happy and friendly  Parapets - a low protective wallApoplectic - to be overcome with angerOpulence - to show extreme wealth  Demurely - to do with modesty  Conspicuous - to stand outHeresy - a belief that goes against the teachings of the Christian churchPenitence - showing sorrow or regretRebuke - sharp disapprovalOdious - extremely repulsive Stave Four: The Last of the Spirits The final spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, is a silent, dark figure, who shows Scrooge a dismal future and death of a greedy man who turns out to be Scrooge. His clerk, meanwhile, grieves the loss of his young son. Terrified, Scrooge begs the spirit for mercy and promises to change his life. Shroud - a burial wrappingPendulous - loosely hanging downExcrescence - an unpleasant addition  Latent - hidden or dormantResolution - a firm choice not to do somethingSlipshod - carelessCesspools - a storage unit for liquid waste Stave Five: The End of It Scrooge wakes up with a new, joyful outlook on life, grateful for a second chance. He surprises everyone with his cheerful greetings. He donates money to the poor, sends a turkey to the Cratchit home, and attends his nephews Christmas party. He further shocks the Cratchits by giving Bob a substantial raise and acting as a second father to Tiny Tim. Extravagance - a lack of restraint in spending wealthIllustrious - well known or respectedArray - a range of a type of thingFeign - to pretend to be affected by somethingMalady - an illness

buy custom Cheating in Sports - Baseball Problems

buy custom Cheating in Sports - Baseball Problems Sports Does Matter Article 'Why Sports Matter' byWilfred Sheed Wilfred Sheeds article Why Sports Matter focuses on how sports have changed over the past 150 years. He emphasizes on the importance of sports in peoples life and underlines that it can significantly shape their lives for the better. Sports can help people to understand what they can do and to know what they want to be. This implies that sports build up character and prepare one to fight for what he or she wants to do in life. Cheating and CHEATING by Joe Posnanski is an article that explores cheating in baseball game, which has been there since the game started. He believes that there has never been a fair baseball game. Players have been using steroid, amphetamine and other preparation sin order to cheat since the baseball game was first introduced. This paper shows comparison between Wilfred Sheeds and Joe Posnanskis articles on sports analyzing their ideas and the style of writing.

Intellectual Property Rights that Would Best Protect the New Idea Coursework

Intellectual Property Rights that Would Best Protect the New Idea - Coursework Example The term Intellectual property is a legal concept that provides exclusive rights to the owners of the property to insure some ‘intangible ‘ objects that are often over looked or taken for granted. Some of them are works of artistic importance, important scientific discoveries, musical and literary assets and so on. Trade secrets, patent, copyrights, trademarks are such examples. If one has to reason the need for these particular rights one can decipher that the intellectual property rights showers some ‘financial incentives’ to the owners of these exclusive property to create something that could be treasured for years to come. In this regard one could cite reference to the Interflora, Inc. & Anr v Marks & Spencer Plc & Anr for using advertising marks patented without approval as well as the case of Dame Vivienne Westwood O.B.E. v Anthony Edward Knight wherein the claimant Dame V Westwood succeeded to claim compensation for violation trademarks and copyright illegally. Some of the key advantages for the Innovation that Akil have made and then we would analyze it special significance and importance in the light of contributing to Intellectual Property rights. First, Akil has good domain knowledge since he has been working in a watch company for quite some time. This mean that he has a thorough understanding of the mechanics of a watch, how it is manufactured, what are the key components, how are the parts intricate together to make the finished products etc. The second key advantage that Akil has is his passion for a particular sport, running. As an enthusiast in sports himself he could readily understand the needs and requirements of a sportsman and how a new innovative gadget can become a ‘must-have’ accessory that could make his life more enjoyable and simple. Every sportsman especially a runner is time-bound and in order to capture the number of leaps and the time taken, a stop watch is an absolute must. The new scientific innovatio n that Akil proposes to make would be a watch which would accommodate all the functions of a stopwatch in sports. Not only this, the new watch, iRunner would be equipped with a MP3 player too. This would indeed unburden the runner to carry a separate MP3 player while engaged in the sport activity. So over all Akil’s innovative watch; iRunner has a good advantage and appeal in the sports market. In order to understand the relevance and significance of Intellectual property rights protection, one need to know the particular subjects that could be termed as intellectual property. The term usually refers to a subject which is the creation of ‘mind or intellect.’ To understand how and in what ways Akil’s new innovative ‘iRunner’ could possibly find ways to be listed amongst the Intellectual Property one needs to understand the basic concept of Intellectual property protection rights i.e. Patent right. The word patent primarily means some privileged rights that are granted for an innovative scientific innovation that successfully caters to render possibly solutions to some needs by providing some ‘technical solution ‘to a concern. This also means that in order to seek for protection for an innovation under patent rights certain obligations has to be fulfilled as legal requirements. The main protection that IP patent rights provide is to protection the owners of the innovation over a limited period of time which is commonly for a period of 20 years. Thus within that time frame the owners of the Intellectual Property is granted protection which is legally sanctioned. To be protected under patent laws attests that the particular innovation could not be made commercially available that means to be sold or distributed elsewhere without any formal consent of the owners of the Intellectual Property. These rights are, primarily protected and enforced by

Discourse community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Discourse community - Essay Example ut Chelsea FC is how they care about their fans and the community and how it is different than a lot of other clubs which only look for winning the league. For example, The Chelsea FC foundation supports children in elementary school by providing them with â€Å"Quality Effort Award†, which is a free program that is meant to be used in classrooms by teachers to motivate their students for their creative thinking and rewarding the children for good performance. Chelsea FC is a big discourse community that shares the same goals and purposes with fans. Swales defines a discourse community as a group of people who communicate with each other by words and conversation to be able to reach their goals that they all share. The discourse community also has their own lexis and they communicate in one language. In Chelsea FC, there are common goals that the whole community shares. The first is winning the premier league, champions league, FA cup and the Capital One Cup. These are some of the goals that the community has and there are also other goals like inspiring children, and making their fans happy. Therefore, I can say that Chelsea FC discourse community shares the same goals. What is special about this club is that the coach of the team who is known to be one of the best coaches in soccer history Jose Morinho placed a rule as soon as he moved to the club that all members of the team including staff and players must discuss after training the issues they should do and fix problems if there are any. Jose Morinho knows how important it is to communicate with the team mates and staff such that he made a rule that whoever is absent or tardy has to pay a fine even if it was the coach himself. Chelsea FC discourse community makes sure to provide most ways possible for people to give them feedback. They use a lot of different ways to receive this feedback for example, Chelsea FC account on Twitter, Chelsea FC T.V, Chelsea FC Facebook and Chelsea FC Instagram account. They

Restaurant Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant Comparison - Assignment Example TGI Fridays also uses the service but it can be seen that the company strongly relies on the services that are offered by the workers. 2. For McDonalds, this servicescape has a positive influence on customer perceptions of the overall service experience given that it is designed to reflect the organization’s way of doing business. The service is designed in such a way that it portrays the company as unique and offering special products that cannot be matched by other competitors. Focus is put on the burgers that are offered by the company. on the other hand, TGI Fridays specifically focus on the core aspects that shape its business such as fried chips and chicken. 3. Physical characteristics such as color, lighting, shapes and sound in each servicescape significantly influence the customer’s experience. Essentially, the whole service is mainly designed to appeal to the senses of hearing as well as sight such that the customers can experience something new as soon as they visit the premises. The motion pictures are colorful and they appeal to the interests of the customers since they have been designed in a captivating way. 4. Both restaurants use state of the art equipment in order to attract many customers. The furniture is carefully designed and the floors are tiled in different styles such that they look attractive to different people who may happen to visit the places. McDonalds offers drive through services and these are very convenient to the customers. 5. McDonalds uses the servicescape as a differentiator in that it helps the workers to improve their performance. For instance, through the use of video, the employees are in a better position to see what is happening in every corner of the restaurant. This can also help the workers to respond quickly to the customers. Fridays on the other hand uses this particular service to improve the efficiency of the employees in their service delivery. The employees have a clear view of

Self Assessment And Leadership Development Plan Nursing Essay

Self Assessment And Leadership Development Plan Nursing Essay To build a personal leadership plan requires not only self assessment, but the knowledge of what makes a good leader. Leaders should inspire and motivate and should encourage others to contribute, to develop and learn, to be innovative, and to be creative. Leaders should serve as role models through their ethical behavior and their personal involvement in planning, communications, coaching, development of future leaders, and staff recognition. As role models, they can reinforce ethics, values, and expectations while building leadership, commitment, and initiative throughout any organization. Trust in the workplace is essential in considering moral and ethical consequences of decisions, championing new possibilities and outcomes, and generating alignment about share purposes. In past work environments, trust and privacy were essential parts of the job.  Patient information is handled very carefully and you have to have a great respect for privacy in order to handle peoples most intimate information. You also have to have good judgment when working with patients on what you can disclose and what needs to remain undisclosed. In order to have this level of responsibility with patient information, my supervisors had to trust me implicitly. I gained that trust by proving myself ethical and trustworthy time and again. I also excel at being able to do a job or complete a project that is assigned to me, without much management or supervision.  My past supervisors have always trusted me to get the job done and within the limits set for the project. I tie these two competencies together, because I think that they are both so closely related for me. I am not skilled at persuasion and I have a fear of conflict.  I give advice when asked, but I rarely stand my ground to persuade my audience of my stand when Im being opposed. Excellent influencing skills require a healthy combination of interpersonal, communication, presentation and assertiveness techniques. Where I fall down the most in these skills for influence is in assertiveness, which ties into my lack of conflict management skills.  I tend to avoid conflict as much as I can (as most people do), but when it is unavoidable, I generally do not stand up for myself, I get tongue tied, and think of all the right things to say AFTER the conflict is over.  I handle difficult people based on their hierarchy in the company.  For instance, a difficult boss I would just say yes sir/maam and keep my opinions to myself.  A difficult coworker, I would approach as nicely as I could and ask how we might be able to work a difference out.  However, if that coworker is very difficult or a bully (and I have run across many bullies), I just leave what ever issue is alone and move on, ultimately, not influencing anyone. I think there are a great many things I can do to resolve these to issues for myself: Though I have managed people, I have not had the opportunity to directly develop others abilities other than when there is a problem. I do not think I lack the ability, or even have a problem with developing others; it has just been a lack of opportunity that has left me without this skill. However, developing people requires the influence of those people, and that is an area I must develop as well in conjunction with learning the skills to develop others, so consequently, some of the strategies for Influencing others is necessary. Developing people, whether by training, coaching, teaching or mentoring them is a trait of a good leader; no one can achieve organizational goals alone. Leaders develop people in order to build a stronger team which in turn creates organizational is effectiveness. In order for me to do this.

Comparing Browns Goodnight Moon and Krauss’s A Hole is to Dig :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing Margaret Wise Brown's Goodnight Moon and Ruth Krauss’s A Hole is to Dig Margaret Wise Brown is an exceptional author that has written many children’s picture books. She has created a style of writing that children can relate to on each of their own level. Each book has a simple and easy structure of writing accompanied with defining illustrations. Margaret Wise Brown is not the only author that has been able to adjust her writing style to better suite different age levels for children. Another author that could fit into this category would be Ruth Krauss, author of â€Å"A Hole is to Dig,† and many more other great children’s books. Both of these authors’ genres could be categorized as simple and defining. For example, Margaret Wise Brown wrote the famous book, â€Å"Goodnight Moon† and compared to Ruth Krauss’s book, â€Å"A Hole is to dig†, it is easy to see these attributes of writing style. Taking a closer look at the writing styles, it is easy to see why they are perfect reading books for children. Brown uses short sentences with in her writing for each page of the book. This makes it easier for children to focus on the action or story being told. It also helps them to be able to examine sentences one at a time instead of using paragraphs that could confuse them by having so many words present. Brown and Krauss also use small simple words that are taught to children at a young age that helps them work on repetition, for example in â€Å"Goodnight Moon†, each time the bunny is talking he always says â€Å"goodnight† to everything in the room. This helps to identify objects and better define words with the illustrations. Krauss also uses these short simple words and phrases to help children with their learning to read. For example, in the book â€Å"A Hole is to Dig†, the sentence says, â€Å"A face is so you can make faces.† This sentence als o shows the children repetition by restating the word twice. Krauss’ illustrations are very simple with great detail. Each page has open white space between each picture that helps children to focus on the action-taking place within the story that is being told. For example, on the same page as when Krauss is exploring faces, each pair of children is spread apart from one another on the page. This helps to show each expression individually with no distraction of what is being represented.

Informational Interview Essay

Owner of Nutra-Planet, Sam Hong, is a respected, hardworking man that gave me advice that will be very useful in the future. Nutra-Planet is an online supplement store that has been growingly rapidly the past few years. I met with Mr. Hong for about twenty minutes, and discussed things such as: the education needed to work in his business, his job setting, required skills, and many other things. I chose Mr. Hong because I have been a customer with his business for a few years, and his warehouse/office is in my home town. He was a very polite man, and he said that he always enjoys the chance to share his knowledge with people. I interviewed him at his main office and I dressed business casual. I really learned an abundance about owning your own business, and it gave me an idea of what I needed to do if I decided to own my own store. Education Needed The first question to Mr. Hong was the type of education needed, not just to work there, but to actually have an opportunity to advance. He told me that he is interested in someone who knows both the business aspect and the supplement knowledge aspect of running the business. In order to pursue this path, I would be more successful finding a major supplement chain like his that has opportunities for advancement. My major now is marketing, and he said that will definitely help me in the future. I need to know the business aspects if I want to run day to day operations. Job Setting My next question for Mr. Hong was the type of job setting that his business offered. He said that his main goal was to make his customers’ experience a pleasurable one, and that the environment was a major factor in making that successful. From the casual, friendly atmosphere to the layout of the online store and warehouse, all things need to come together to make the customer want to come back, and tell all their friends about it also. This requires a knowledgeable staff that is helpful to everyone, and a friendly personality is as important to him as the experience an employer brings with him. Required Skills When I asked Mr. Hong about the skills that were required to be hired in an upper-level position in this business, he told me there were two different avenues to advance through; the business aspect or the customer relations aspects. He said that it is crucial for his employees to work well with other employees, and be able to take criticism and advice. Although I am majoring in business, I would still love to work hands on with customers. Aside from the obvious skills of knowing about supplements, Jay said the single most important skill he looks for is â€Å"people† skills. The personality to interact with others and assure them that you know what you are talking about when it comes to supplements. Conclusion The interview with Mr. Hong went very well, and he was said that he was happy that he could answer my questions. He emphasized that it is very important to stay in school and make sure that I graduate, because if I ever need any loans or anything it will help out tremendously if I have a good background and a degree. I will make sure that I interview more people in the future because I believe that it is a huge help to talk to someone face to face instead of reading stuff online.

Wells and Darwin essays

Wells and Darwin essays Herbert George Wells was born in Bromley, Kent, a suburb of London, to a lower-middle-class family. He attended London University and the Royal College of Science where he studied zoology. One of his professors instilled in him a belief in social as well as biological evolution which Wells later cited as the important and influential aspect of his education. This is how it all began. Maybe without this professor Wells wouldnt be the famous author he is today. Most of Wells novels are science fiction and have a great deal of some kind of human society theme, or Darwinism in mind. It is a theme that is seen in his most famous science fiction writings. H.G. Wells seems to convey a sense of Darwinism and change in the future of society in his major works. Wells has been called the father and Shakespeare of science fiction. He is best known today for his great work in science fiction novels and short stories. He depicted stories of chemical warfare, world wars, alien visitors and even ato mic weapons in a time that most authors, or even people for that matter, were not thinking of the like. His stories opened a door for future science fiction writers who followed the trend that Wells wrote about. His most popular science fiction works include The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. His first novel, The Time Machine, was an immediate success. By the time the First World War had begun his style of writing and novels had made him one of the most controversial and best-selling authors in his time. In the story The Time Machine, Wells expresses his creativity with images of beauty, ugliness and great details. In this novel Wells explores what it would be like to travel in this magnificent and beautiful machine. The criterion of the prophecy in this case is influenced by the theory of natural selection. (Beresford, 424) He uses Darwins theory in the novel and relat...

Free Essays on Obsessive Compulsive Dissorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a mental disorder where your brain seems to get ‘stuck’ on an idea or thought, and can’t let it go. Some people who have OCD describe it as â€Å"mental hiccups† because the thoughts keep reoccurring until something, or several things are done repeatedly to relieve the urge or thought. These thoughts include worries, doubts, or superstitious beliefs brought to an excessive, painful level. The doctor’s definition of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a â€Å"mental disorder which causes problems with information processing.† Symptoms of OCD always include an obsession, and a compulsion. An obsession is a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often-unreasonable idea or feeling. Obsession symptoms include forbidden thoughts, a need to have things ‘just so’ or perfect, or a need to tell, ask, or confess. A compulsion is an action or several actions done to relieve the obsession. Compulsions include ordering, arranging, hoarding, saving, checking, or praying. There are hundreds of different symptoms because everyone with this disorder is different. People that are affected by OCD say that the obsessions are images and urges that occur so repeatedly that it feels uncontrollable. The afflicted person usually doesn’t make sense of these ideas, and never wants to have them. The obsessions are usually followed by bouts of fear, disgust, and self doubt. And sensations of guilt and wrong doing. The OCD affected person describes the compulsion, as the after actions of the obsession. By performing these compulsions, the person is trying to erase all of his or her obsessions. Usually the afflicted person has rules, or rituals, which determine a certain way in which the compulsion must be acted out, such as locking the door five times before bed, or washing hands eight times before any meal. With obsessive compulsive disorder, the compulsions are not a form of pleasure such as drinking or gambling ... Free Essays on Obsessive Compulsive Dissorder Free Essays on Obsessive Compulsive Dissorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a mental disorder where your brain seems to get ‘stuck’ on an idea or thought, and can’t let it go. Some people who have OCD describe it as â€Å"mental hiccups† because the thoughts keep reoccurring until something, or several things are done repeatedly to relieve the urge or thought. These thoughts include worries, doubts, or superstitious beliefs brought to an excessive, painful level. The doctor’s definition of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a â€Å"mental disorder which causes problems with information processing.† Symptoms of OCD always include an obsession, and a compulsion. An obsession is a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often-unreasonable idea or feeling. Obsession symptoms include forbidden thoughts, a need to have things ‘just so’ or perfect, or a need to tell, ask, or confess. A compulsion is an action or several actions done to relieve the obsession. Compulsions include ordering, arranging, hoarding, saving, checking, or praying. There are hundreds of different symptoms because everyone with this disorder is different. People that are affected by OCD say that the obsessions are images and urges that occur so repeatedly that it feels uncontrollable. The afflicted person usually doesn’t make sense of these ideas, and never wants to have them. The obsessions are usually followed by bouts of fear, disgust, and self doubt. And sensations of guilt and wrong doing. The OCD affected person describes the compulsion, as the after actions of the obsession. By performing these compulsions, the person is trying to erase all of his or her obsessions. Usually the afflicted person has rules, or rituals, which determine a certain way in which the compulsion must be acted out, such as locking the door five times before bed, or washing hands eight times before any meal. With obsessive compulsive disorder, the compulsions are not a form of pleasure such as drinking or gambling ...

Phase 1 Discussion Board 12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 1 Discussion Board 12 - Assignment Example not be satisfied by the reasoning provided and therefore for them it is essential to list down the factors, rank them according to priority and then explain the reasoning behind it. Before setting up a plant for carrying out the manufacturing operations it is important for Autoedge to understand the supply and demand of the raw material in that area. Autoedge before setting up a manufacturing plant must analyze the demand of the product in that area and figure out whether or not it will be easily for the firm to procure raw material for making the product. Autoedge before carrying its manufacturing operation must also keep in mind that the product they are manufacturing must not fall short as per the demand of their customers and vice versa. It must also research about the brands of automobile that are preferred in those areas. The company cannot succeed in the long run if it does conducted effective research before establishing its manufacturing plant (World Trade Organization, 2013). As the economies become more integrated as Autoedge offers services throughout the globe, therefore the political and economic risk associated with its locations increases. Autoedge while selecting the location for its manufacturing operations must consider the areas that are more politically stable, or are not impacted by unstable government or as a result of terrorism. The areas that are not politically stable affect not only the businesses in those areas but also the consumers and national economies depending on the nature of the product or service being offered by the firm. The GDP of any country is considered an important factor for the location of a manufacturing plant. The amount and number of products being manufactured in a particular country attracts businesses. Businesses usually prefer setting up their plants in country with high GDP in order to maximize their profits. The country that has a flourishing economy usually serves as a profitable location for almost any

Humanitarian Assistance in War Zones Research Paper

Humanitarian Assistance in War Zones - Research Paper Example As the essay stresses the humanitarian aid agencies are primarily concerned with developmental efforts focused on uplifting the displaced civilians, and helping in preventing the further spread of the conflict, in a bid to protect the loss / damage to the general public. Humanitarian aid, thus aims to rehabilitate the displaced in war torn regions, through provision of basic facilities.This paper highlights that the term developmental assistance refers to the assistance provided by international agencies or NGOs in re-constructing a nation’s infrastructure and/ or economy, which is destroyed due to war or similar internal conflicts. The basic purpose is to ensure that the nation is able to sustain its stability – both political as well as economic, despite war, and prevent it from retracting towards poverty and state of chaos. These agencies are primarily concerned with providing assistance related to governance, transporting basic supplies such as food and water to cri ses zones, and providing assistance in restructuring the economy, among others.   The international aid agencies strive to eliminate or reduce the factors contributing to creating political, social or economic rift, take active measures in blocking economic stagnation, prevent illicit trade which may facilitate further violence such as drug dealing, illicit trade in diamonds, arms and ammunitions etc., increasing employment opportunities, and reducing / eliminating economic incentives to fight.